Digestive System and Metabolism

Describe the stages of tooth formation.

Describe the mineralization of enamel and dentin

Describe the development of the tissues that surround developing teeth.

Describe physical features of enamel such as the structure of the enamel rods, incremental lines, lamellae, tufts, and spindles.

Discuss how these affect the permeability of enamel.

Discuss the surface characteristics and etching of enamel.

Describe the various types of dentin and the structures they contain.

Describe the dental process that lies in the dental tubules.

Discuss the relationship of the enamel to the dentin at their junction.

Describe anatomy of the pulp.

Describe the structure of the blood vessels, and innervation of the pulp.

Discuss the extracellular matrix of pulp.

Describe the histology of the ameloblast, odontoblast, fibroblasts, and undifferentiated cells  within the pulp.

Describe the condition of physiologic tooth movement and the effect of the various types of orthodontic tooth moving devices on the hard tissues of periodontium.

Describe the location and structure of the periodontal ligament.

Explain the purpose of the periodontal ligament.

Understand the different function of nerves and blood vessels in and around the ligament and how they interact with one another.

Describe the development of the cementum and its function on the surface of the root.

Describe the nature of and the physical properties of intermediate cementum, cellular

cementum, and acellular cementum.

Explain how cementum serves in tooth support.

Discuss aging of cementum, and the formation of the cementicles.

Describe the various types of oral mucosa including lining, masticatory and specialized.Describe the location and characteristics of each type of mucosa as well as the characteristics of nonkeratinocytes.

Discuss the classification of the major and minor salivary glands.

State the chief similarities and differences between the various salivary glands.

Describe the location and purpose of salivary gland duct system.

Explain the composition and function of saliva.

Discuss the function of the temporomandibular joint and the role of the masticatory muscles.

Draw a detailed labeled diagram of a tooth in its socket.

Draw a labeled diagram of the tongue and lip.

Identify histological specification of tooth, tongue and lip.

List the layers of the Scalp in addition to its vessels and nerves.

Define the muscles of expressions with their functions and innervations.

Define the Danger zone, anatomical organization and clinical reflections.

Define the surface anatomy of the arteries for pulse sensations.

Define the Sphenoid bone openings to the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa.

List the bones that surrounds the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa.

List the contents of the Infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa.

Explain the relationships of Infratemporal ve pterygopalatine fossa with other cavities and fossas within the cranium.

Define the Temporomandibular joint(TMJ), its contents and relationships.

List the innervation, blood supply and the functions of the muscles of mastication.

Define the muscles(rather than the muscles of mastication) that acts on the Temporomandibular joint.

Tell the clinical reflections of the disfunctions of the TMJ and muscles of mastication.

Define the vessels,lymphatics and innervation of the lips,cheeks,palate and gums.

Explain the Maxillary and Mandibular nerves and their branches in addition to anatomicallandmarks to localize them during the anesthesia.

Define the bones of the hard palate, muscles of the soft palate and the tongue and the

mastication muscles with their functional anatomy and innervations.

List the anatomical structures and neuronal pathways of the taste within the oral cavity.

Define the localisation, vessels, lymphatics and innervation of the salivary glands.

Define the oral spaces borders, relationships and potential enfection pathways withing the oral spaces.

List the tonsils of the Waldeyer ring.

Explain the vessels, innervation of the Palatine tonsil Define the gag reflex neuroanatomical pathways.

List the parts, musculature, lymphatics, innervation and vessels of the oesophagus,stomach,small and large intestines.

List the layers of the Anterolateral abdominal wall.

Explain the Abdominal muscles and fascias in addition to its elongations in the inguinal region.

Define the Rectus sheath with its borders and contents.

List the folds and contents of the interior surface of the Anterior abdominal wall.

List the borders of Inguinal canal, spermatic cord and their contents.

Define the Cramasteric reflex and its neuroanatomical pathways.

Define the Inguinal hernias, anatomical landmarks and borders.

List the differences of Male and Female inguinal canal anatomy and their influences over the hernias.

Define Peritoneum, its layers and cavities in addition their innervations.

List the abdominal organs in according to their peritoneal relationships.

List the branches of the Abdominal aorta and the inferior Vena Cava.

Explain the anatomical and surgical borders of the Rectum and Anal canal.

List the Hemorrhoidal veins, internal and external hemorroidal innervation differences in addition to the structures that forms the internal and external anal sphincters.

Define the lobes of the liver in addition to its circulation and peritoneal relationships.

Tell the ligaments and impressions of the surrounding organs over the liver.

List the veins of the Portal system and the Porto-­‐systemic anastomosis.

• Define the parts, innervation and vasculature of the Gallbladder ,spleen and pancreas.

• Explain the Bile ducts from liver to duodenum.

Explain the transport of fatty acid precursor

Explain the synthesis of triacylglycerol step by step

Express the difference in the synthesis of triacylglycerols in liver and in kidney in relation to adipose tissue

Classify the lipids in blood

Explain the formation of VLDL

Explain the formation of HDL

Explain the formation of IDL

Explain the formation of LDL

Define reverse cholesterol transport

List the sources of cholesterol in liver

Explain the homeostasis of cholesterol in liver

Define the catabolic processes concerning the proteins

Explain the biochemical reactions involved in the catabolism of amino acids

Classify the amino acids according to their degradation products

Explain the urea cycle

Explain the connection between the urea cycle and citric acid cycle

List the lipid soluble vitamins

Explain their functions in human body

Define the active forms of water soluble vitamin in human body

Explain the catalytic actions of water soluble vitamins

Describe the deficiency symptoms of water soluble vitamins

Explain the biochemical functions of macroelements in human body

Describe the deficiency symptoms of macroelements

Explain the biochemical functions of microelements in human body

Describe the deficiency symptoms of microelements

Describe salivary glands and their secretions

Define functions of saliva

Describe nervous and hormonal regulation of salivary secretion

Describe the functions of the digestive system and list its structures and regions.

Describe the layers of the gastrointestinal tract and state the function(s) of each.

Explain how one-­‐way transport is accomplished in the digestive tract.

Explain enteric nervous system and electrical activity in the GI smooth muscle

Explain the nature of peristalsis and segmentation.

Define structure and secretions of the gastric mucosa

Define the roles of HCl and pepsin in digestion

Explain how gastric secretion is regulated during the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.

Define the composition and functions of pancreatic enzymes.

Explain how pancreatic enzymes secretion are regulated by nerves and hormones.

Explain the functions of the brush border enzymes of the intestine.

Explain how monosaccharides, lipids and amino acids are absorbed.

Explain the functions of liver in digestion.

Define the flow of blood in the liver.

Explain how the liver modifies the chemical composition of the blood.

Define the composition and functions of bile.

Explain the enterohepatic circulation.

Explain the mechanisms for heat transfer between the body and its environment

Define the mechanisms by which heat is produced by the body

Define the mechanisms by which heat is lost by the body

Explain the temperature center in the hypothalamus

Digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Perform and interpret the experiment concerning digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats and affecting factors by using an interactive simulation program